Strengthening field-based training in low and middle-income countries to build public health capacity: Lessons from Australia's Master of Applied Epidemiology program

Latar Belakang Penelitian :

Menurut Peraturan Kesehatan Internasional (International Health Regulation), negara-negara perlu memperkuat kapasitas untuk kegiatan surveilans penyakit dan sistem respon melalui penguatan tenaga kesehatan. Salah satunya melalui program pelatihan Epidemiologi Lapangan / Field Epidemiology Training Programmes (FETPs). Banyak negara yang membangun atau meningkatkan program tersebut untuk memenuhi  peningkatan kapasitas tenaga kesehatan yang akan berdampak pada peningkatan kapasitas kesehatan masyarakat dibidang surveilans. Tetapi yang terjadi dilapangan, masih dijumpai angka kejadian penyakit menular masih tinggi terutama di negara-negara berkembang. Hal ini menjadi suatu tantangan besar untuk diketahui masalah apa yang sebenarnya terjadi dibalik fenomena ini. Program FETPs sudah dilaksanakan di banyak Negara di dunia dengan menerapkan model Public Health Schools Without Walls  yang lebih berbasis pendidikan formal di universitas (University-based) dan ditempuh selama 2 tahun dengan gelar Master of Public Health (MPH). Hal inilah yang mungkin menyebabkan pembelajaran  tidak efektif karena tidak disesuaikan dengan masalah yang ditemukan di lapangan dan lebih kepada aturan yang diterapkan global di seluruh dunia. Oleh karena itu peneliti ingin membuktikan bahwa pelatihan berbasis pendidikan formal di universitas (University-based) sangat tidak efektif apabila diterapkan di negara-negara berkembang dan ingin membuktikan bahwa field-based training dapat digunakan untuk memecahkan masalah yang berhubungan dengan peningkatan kualitas dan kapasitas tenaga kesehatan di Negara berkembang.

Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini :

Teori yang mendasari penelitian ini:

1.      Teori Pelatihan :

a) Kirkpatrick (1994) mendefinisikan pelatihan sebagai upaya meningkatkan pengetahuan, mengubah perilaku dan mengembangkan keterampilan.

b)  Strauss dan Syaless di dalam Notoatmodjo (1998) mengatakan bahwa pelatihan berarti mengubah pola perilaku, karena dengan pelatihan maka akhirnya akan menimbulkan perubahan perilaku. Pelatihan adalah bagian dari pendidikan yang menyangkut proses belajar, berguna untuk memperoleh dan meningkatkan keterampilan di luar sistem pendidikan yang berlaku, dalam waktu relatif singkat dan metodenya mengutamakan praktek daripada teori.

2.      Teori Field-based Training

a)      Menurut Patel dan Phillips dalam Schultz (2009)

  Field-based Training menggambarkan pada model pendidikan kejuruan daripada pendidikan profesional. Model pelatihan ini berbasis kondisi di lapangan yang responsif terhadap kehidupan nyata , kebutuhan tempat kerja dan mendorong fleksibilitas antara peserta didik dan profesionalitas yang merupakan bagian dari tim kesehatan masyarakat di tempat kerja.

b)      Menurut Matovu , dkk (2013)

    Program pelatihan berbasis kerja di lapangan sangat efektif untuk meningkatkan kapasitas Sumber Daya Manusia. Model pelatihan tersebut menekankan adanya kerjasama antara peserta pelatihan dengan pengajar dari universitas dan lembaga pengawas untuk menyelesaikan tugas tertentu. Pengajar diharapkan secara penuh dapat memberikan bimbingan kepada peserta. Peserta juga diberi kesempatan sesekali untuk melakukan tatap muka di kelas sebagai bagian interaktif dari program pelatihan.

Tabel Perbandingan University-based dan Field-based Training:

ASPEK	University Based (Berbasis Pendidikan Formal)	Field-based Training (Berbasis Lapangan/Tempat Kerja )
Model Pembelajaran	Teori yang diberikan di kelas terlalu banyak, sehingga menyebabkan kebosanan dari peserta dan waktu yang digunakan di lapangan menjadi berkurang. Sistem pembelajaran model ini juga cenderung menghasilkan tenaga kesehatan masyarakat yang umum dan bukan dikhususkan pada penyakit menular yang menjadi fokus utama di negara berkembang.	Teori hanya diberikan selama 3 bulan dengan cara tatap muka di kelas, selebihnya peserta kembali ke tempat kerja/ lapangan.  Peserta lebih banyak bersentuhan dengan dunia nyata di lapangan dengan pendekatan learning by doing dan problem solving. Sistem pembelajaran lebih cenderung berbasis kejuruan daripada pendidikan professional dan lebih dikhususkan kepada pemberantasan penyakit menular.
Kurikulum	Kurikulum terhambat oleh standar fakultas dan terkadang masih banyak intervensi dari negara-negara lain yang tidak sesuai dengan konteks di negara tersebut.	Kurikulum selalu beradaptasi sesuai dengan kebutuhan di lapangan. Kurikulum akan selalu direvisi dengan melibatkan mentor dari daerah dan  organisasi profesi yang langsung terjun ke lapangan.
Pengajar/mentor	Terbatasnya SDM yang memiliki pehamahan tentang keadaan nyata di lapangan. Karena keterbatasan SDM itulah, terkadang fakultas merekrut pengajar dari negara lain yang juga tidak memahami tentang kondisi sebenarnya/ konteks di negara tsb.	Pengajar melibatkan supervisor dari lapangan/ tempat kerja peserta, sehingga tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai role model, tetapi juga dapat memberikan saran, umpan balik dan dukungan yang menyeluruh kepada para peserta selama proses berlangsung.
Biaya	Biaya yang dikeluarkan cenderung besar karena selama pembelajaran di kelas , peserta tidak mendapat gaji di tempat kerja, sehingga pemerintah masih membayar.	Tidak ada biaya yang dibayarkan kepada peserta selama di tempat kerja, karena mereka sudah mendapatakan gaji. Hal ini dapat menghemat biaya pengeluaran negara.
Koordinasi dan Responsiveness	Karena pembelajaran di kelas terlalu banyak , sehingga apabila terjadi suatu wabah di daerah , peserta kesulitan untuk berkoordinasi dengan daerah dan cenderung tidak responsif (lebih kearah pendokumentasian)	Koordinasi dengan daerah lebih cepat dan Lebih responsif dalam menangani suatu penyakit, karena dari awal hingga akhir pelatihan lebih banyak terjun ke lapangan.
Brain drain (Migrasi lulusan ke luar negeri)	Tingginya angka migrasi lulusan ke luar negeri disebabkan tidak adanya pengawasan dan dukungan yang kuat dari tim supervisor daerah.	Tingkat migrasi lulusan ke luar negeri cenderung rendah, karena diawal peserta sudah didukung kuat oleh tim supervisor daerah .

H0 = Model pembelajaran yang berbasis pendidikan formal (university-based) pada program FETPs efektif untuk meningkatkan sistem survelans dan responsif di Negara berkembang

Ha = Model pembelajaran yang berbasis lapangan (field-based) pada program FETPs efektif untuk meningkatkan sistem survelans dan responsif di Negara berkembang

Nama          : Ajeng Choirin

NIM            :13/357327/PKU/14094

Hipotesis :

Jika perdagangan terjadi, besar kemungkinan dana yang ditransfer dalam jumlah yang kecil  melalui bank dan tercatat secara resmi, transaksi dilakukan jauh dari peristiwa di pengadilan, dan dilakukan secara terbuka, maka :

Ho = kasus Artalita merupakan kasus perdagangan berdasarkan jumlah dana, cara dan waktu transaksi dilakukan

Jika konspirasi terjadi, besar kemungkinan dana yang ditransfer dalam jumlah besar, transfer dananya bersifat cash – tidak tercatat dalam bentuk apa pun, terjadi dekat dengan peristiwa di pengadilan, dan dilakukan secara sembunyi­sembunyi, maka :

Ha = kasus Artalita merupakan kasus konspirasi hukum berdasarkan jumlah dana, cara dan waktu transaksi dilakukan

1.       Yang ingin tanyakan :

• Apakah semua ciri dalam kasus ini (jumlah dana, cara dan waktu  transaksi) harus dilakukan pengujian reliabilitas variabel pengukurannya terlebih dahulu?
• Apakah dalam pengujian statistik untuk menolak atau tidak menolak Ho tidak bisa dilakukan hanya untuk satu kasus ?
• Untuk dikategorikan kasus konspirasi hukum atau perdagangan apakah dapat digunakan variabel-variabel yang digunakan sebagai ciri-ciri kasus dari Artalita ini untuk contoh kasus yang serupa?
  

enMMohon petunjuk dan terima kasih.

WESSY YULIZA

13/357561/PKU/14133

                                                                

  

pengertian Teori Berdasarkan beberapa ahli

PENGERTIAN TEORI BERDASARKAN BEBERAPA AHLI :

Tiga hal yang perlu diperhatikan jika kita ingin mengenal lebih lanjut tentang teori adalah:

1. Teori merupakan suatu proporsi yang terdiri dari konstrak yang sudah didefinisikan secara luas sesuai dengan hubungan unsur-unsur dalam proporsi tersebut secara jelas
2. Teori menjelaskan hubungan antar variable sehingga pandangan yang sistematik dari fenomena yang diterangkan variabel-variabel tersebut dapat jelas
3. Teori menerangkan fenomena dengan cara menspesifikasikan variable yang saling berhubungan.

Berdasarkan ahli :

1.      Teori adalah satu set konstruk, konsep, definisi, dan proposisi yang saling berhubungan, yang menyajikan suatu pandangan yang sistematik mengenai suatu fenomena dengan menspesifikkan hubungan antar variabel dengan tujuan untuk menjelaskan dan memprediksi fenomena; (Wiersma, 1986)

2.      JOHN W. BEST

TEORI pada dasarnya berisi penggambaran hubungan sebab akibat diantara variable – variable. Suatu TEORI di dalam dirinya terkandung keunggulan untuk bisa menjelaskan suatu gejala dan TEORI juga berkekuatan untuk memprediksi sesuatu gejala.

3.      EMORY – COOPER

Teori merupakan suatu kumpulan konsep, definisi, proposisi, dan variable yang berkaitan satu sama lain secara sistematis dan telah digeneralisasikan , sehingga dapat menjelaskan dan memprediksi suatu fenomena (fakta-fakta) tertentu

4.      PROF. DR. WINARNO SURAKHMAD

TEORI menjalin hasil pengamatan kedalam suatu pengertian utuh yang memungkinkan ilmuwan membuat pernyataan umum tentang variable – variable dan hubungannya.

5.      SUMARDI SURYABRATA

Teori – teori, konsep – konsep merupakan landasan teoritis bagi penelitian yang akan dilakukan. Landasan ini perlu ditegakkan agar penelitian itu mempunyai dasar yang kokoh, dan bukan sekedar perbuatan coba – coba (Trial and Error). Untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai berbagai hal tersebut di atas, seseorang harus melakukan penelaahan

kepustakaan. Oleh karena itu, sumber bacaan merupakan bagian dari penelitian yang esensial.

6.      MANNING
Teori adalah seperangkat asumsi dan kesimpulan logis yang mengaitkan seperangkat variabel satu sama lain. Teori akan menghasilkan ramalan-ramalan yang dapat dibandingkan dengan pola-pola yang diamati.

Oleh           : Vera Andriyana

NIM           : 13/ 357519/PKU/14120

MINAT      : SDM.KESEHATAN

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Should I Stay or Should I go? The Impact of Working Time and Wages on Retention in The Health Workforce

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• Artikel ini sudah disitasi sebanyak 30 kali.

Wessy Yuliza

(13/357561/PKU/14133)

Should I Stay or Should I go? The Impact of Working Time and Wages on Retention in The Health Workforce

ü Peneliti :

Stephanie Steinmetz (s.m.steinmetz@uva.nl)¹

Daniel H de Vries (d.h.devries@uva.nl)¹

Kea G Tijdens (k.g.tijdens@uva.nl)²

ü Instansi :

¹Department of Sociology & Anthropology, University of Amsterdam,

Amsterdam, the Netherlands

²Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labor Studies (AIAS), University of

Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

ü Alasan tertarik dengan pada penelitian ini :

Karyawan merupakan aset organisasi dan pelaku utama produksi serta pemasaran hasil. Turnover adalah keluar masuknya tenaga kerja dalam suatu organisasi dalam waktu tertentu (Flippo, 1994). Terjadinya turnover di tenaga kesehatan merupakan suatu hal yang tidak dikehendaki oleh organisasi, karena akan merugikan kinerja organisasi baik dari segi biaya, sumber daya, maupun motivasi karyawan sehingga membawa dampak buruk pada kualitas pelayanan. Oleh karena itu, saya merasa tertarik untuk mengambil topik penelitian ini karena menyangkut pendayagunaan sumber daya manusia khususnya tenaga kesehatan, sehingga organisasi atau pemerintah tidak hanya mengatur tentang pendistribusian, pemanfaatan dan pengembangannya tetapi lebih jauh lagi perlu mengatur bagaimana menghindari terjadinya turnover dan cara untuk mempertahankan keberadaan tenaga kesehatan di tempat tugasnya.

ü Alasan penelitian ini dilakukan :

Turnover jelas memberikan efek negatif dalam organisasi. Terinspirasi oleh pengamatan ini, maka penelitian dilakukan untuk memberikan faktor yang menyebabkan seorang karyawan memilih untuk keluar, didasarkan pada durasi praktik, tugas dan proses (masalah) daripada nilai tukar (upah). Salah satu cara untuk mengetahui penyebab terjadinya turnover ini berfokus pada pengaruh karakteristik kerja, waktu dan upah serta keinginan karyawan untuk tetap bertahan ditempat kerja. Ketika mengikuti kebijakan kenaikan upah , perhatian terhadap isu  waktu bekerja termasuk jam lembur, bekerja paruh waktu, dan kepuasan upah menjadi strategi yang cocok dalam mengelola retensi tenaga kesehatan.

ü Metode

Dengan menggunakan data dari survei web WageIndicator (N=5323), tiga model regresi logistik digunakan untuk memperkirakan niat perawat kesehatan karyawan untuk tinggal selama Belgia, Jerman dan Belanda. Model pertama meliputi karakteristik kerja-waktu mengontrol satu set variabel sosiodemografi, kategori pekerjaan, promosi dan terkait karakteristik organisasi terkait. Model kedua menguji dampak karakteristik-upah terkait dan model yang ketiga meliputi kerja-waktu dan aspek-upah terkait.

Wessy Yuliza

(13/357561/PKU/14133)

Logika Penelitian Kasus Artalita

Wrong Schools or Wrong Students? The Potential Role of Medical Education in Regional Imbalances of the Health Workforce in the United Republic of Tanzania

Nama          : Ratih Dwi Wulandari

NIM  : 13/357536/PKU/14123

Wrong Schools or Wrong Students? The Potential Role of Medical Education in Regional Imbalances of the Health Workforce in the United Republic of Tanzania

Beatus K Leon, Julie Riise Kolstad

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NAMA : SYARIFAH RINA MAYASARI

NIM      : 13/357449/PKU/14112

Referensi artikel “Cost-effectiveness analysis of human resources policy interventions to address the shortage of nurses in rural South Africa “

Nama: Indah Purnama

Nim   : 13/354334/PKU/13875

Penelitian dengan judul artikel "Cost-effectiveness analysis of human resources policy interventions to address the shortage of nurses in rural South Africa " ini sudah dikutip sebanyak 5 (lima) kali.

References :

Nama: Indah Purnama

Nim   : 13/354334/PKU/13875

Penelitian dengan judul artikel "Cost-effectiveness analysis of human resources policy interventions to address the shortage of nurses in rural South Africa " ini sudah dikutip sebanyak 5 (lima) kali.

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6th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering. Yogyakarta 7-8 October 2014, http://icitee2014.te.ugm.ac.id. Indexed by IEEEXplore.